Canons of Rhetoric- Invention

In the words of Aristotle, The principle canon of rhetoric meant “discovering the best available means of persuasion.” Invention may be one of the most difficult stages in writing or creating a rhetorical piece as it lays the framework for your entire argument. All other phases rely on a successful invention of ideas and concepts in order to powerfully and tactfully convey the message. In Bigelow’s “The White Problem” he divides his article into areas in which segregation influenced the most during the time. The terms ‘segregation’ and ‘inequality’ are broad, extensive, and relatively meaningless unless put into a real-world perspective. By pinpointing the actual life experiences of African Americnas and others protesting segregation within the systems and social structures of voting, education, employment, and overall justice, Bigelow allows his audience to compare their own experiences to those he describes. This allows him to convey the discrimination that African Americans faced and allowed the audience to walk a bit in the shoes of the afflicted. The specific topics covered in the article aid in how Bigelow develops his overall argument and gives it a persuading effect.

Analysis of Logos

Throughout his article Albert Bigelow makes his arguments seem like the logical and best approaches to solving the issue of segregation at hand. He presents parallel cases he considered similar to segregation in the United States. By comparing the country’s condition to that of communist countries and the Nazis Bigelow shows that logically, those who opposed Communism and the Holocaust should abhor segregation as well. Bigelow also ends this claim with a rhetorical question, which by default is thought to have an obvious and logical answer. Bigelow also describes the typical work day of African American women implying how the rules of respect due to age were broken because of race. The African American woman (of 60 or so years) was referred to as the Negro "girl” who worked for her much younger White "lady." Most people consider that respecting all people, especially those older than ourselves is crucially important; Because we show this by how we refer to them, the entire situation he presents is meant to seem illogical and wrong. Bigelow makes his arguments convincing by making them appear as the way intelligent and logical individuals would think and act!

Photo Comparison

The first picture displays a trio of freedom riders(a white man, white woman, and black lady), conducting a sit-in at a restaurant in the 1960's. Behind them is a group of white men pouring condiments atop their heads, expressing their disdain for the actions of the group. The freedom riders tested the Jim Crow Laws, as they engaged in activities that went against the status quo. The Jim Crow laws essentially separated whites and blacks. People who fought for equality, as shown in the the first picture as well as the second, fought for the destruction of the laws. In the first picture, it is understood that the black woman is not supposed to be present in the restaurant due to her skin color. Although she, and her fellow freedom riders, received harsh treatment, the freedom riders never retaliated. The people in support of desegregation were willing to sustain the brutality in order to help change segregation throughout the South.

It's the Logical Thing To Do

In this image, Schapiro uses the simplicity of people holding hands to prove his point that its really that easy to just get along. In the image there are seven people captured. Out of the seven four are men, three of which are African American and three are women, two of them being caucasian. The diversity that is in this picture shows different sexes and races getting along by simply holding hands and raising their voices for a common cause. This image shows that it's the logical solution for people to come together. In an image it's hard to pick out the facts and statistics, but the ratio of men to women and African American to caucasian people is used to demonstrate that a variety of people are willing to put their skin color aside and fight for racial equality.

No to Jim Crow Laws: Rhetorical Situation

Steve Schapiro is “a respected and sought after portraitist” and also "an activist as well as documentarian." Earlier in his career he was under the canopy of Eugene Smith, a well known photojournalist. Schapiro focused on the concerned humanistic approach to photography. Most of Schapiro's photos have an empathetic portrayal. His works have appeared internationally on the pages and covers of magazines, including Life, Time, Rolling Stone, Sports Illustrated, Look, Newsweek, Vanity Fair, Peoples and Paris Match. During the "golden age in photojournalism" Schapiro produced famous photo essays like "lives of migrant workers in Arkansas." The New York Times found interest in the photo because it informed readers about the harsh living conditions of migrant workers and the change it initiated. Schapiro covered many stories on social upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s such as the Civil Right movement and the push for voter registration along side with many other topics. Schapiro established his respectable character long before the photo "Summer of 1964 Freedom Bus." He made his arguments worth considering and important to the audience he was aiming towards. By being an activist and taking pictures of his experiences, Schaprio was able to establish his credibility. His works also being in the limelight, like New York times, a credible medium of journalism gave validity to the story his photos and conveyed a need for change.

Analysis of Pathos

Bigelow’s language choices appeal to the audience’s humanity evoking an emotional response from readers. Bigelow uses powerful words like “cowardly brutality” in kick-starting his article, captivating readers from the beginning and provoking feelings of sympathy/empathy for those who suffered the described occurrences. Because a large part of his audience was “decent white people”, meaning that although they were silent did not necessarily agree with segregation, persuasion through an emotional approach was tactful. In detailing one of the more tragic and deadly acts committed against the Freedom Riders (The Bus burning), and emphasizing the peaceful ways of the Freedom Riders, Bigelow stresses how undeserved and degrading such acts were. He brings readers to the level of those who violently suffered, clearly establishing that these people, just like readers, were human as well. By placing his audience in the shoes of African Americans and those who advocated for their rights Bigelow led readers to feel a responsibility as humans to leave their silence and act.

"The Way You Make Me Feel.."

In Steve Schapiro's photo, "The Summer of 1964 Freedom Bus," a sense of community is portrayed by the group of men and women holding hands in front of a bus. At this time period segregation was still prominent and the majority of citizens did not want to have any social interaction with African Americans, so what the freedom riders were doing was making a statement - A statement that screamed unity amongst people from different races and genders that were willing to take a bold stand against segregation. It makes the audience feel a sense of harmony and togetherness. In the photo it also looks as if the freedom riders are singing or chanting something. They're not just standing their quietly, they're making their voices be heard. The audience could feel a sense of pride and admiration by looking at these individuals risk their lives for a cause they are passionate about.

Analysis of Ethos

Before being involved in the Civil Rights and Peace Movements, the author of “The White Problem” Albert Bigelow was a United States Naval commander and captain. He served in the U.S. Navy throughout World War II. Only one month away from his pension Bigelow resigned from the U.S. Naval Reserve after becoming aware of the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima to later become prominent for protesting nuclear weapons. Bigelow had established his respectable character long before writing this article, automatically making his arguments worth considering and important to the audience he was aiming towards. Being a Freedom Rider himself Bigelow also had first hand experience with the violence and destruction the Freedom Riders and African Americans in general faced. Being able to share a perspective with the target group of the injustices and having previous credibility for serving the US during war gave validity to his claims and his call to action.

No to Jim Crow Laws

 Audience Analysis

      Steve Schapiro is “a respected and sought after portraitist” who specialized in intricately revealing the social upheavals of the 1960s and 70s along side with his other genres. “Summer of 1964 Freedom Bus” is one of Schapiro's precious work. It conveys the story behind a valiant group of different race, civil right activists called Freedom Riders who in 1961 challenged segregation in the South silently. Throughout their ride from Washington D.C to Mississippi, the Freedom Riders courageously tested the Jim Crow Laws, laws that enforced racial segregation in the South. The caucasians used the colored only bathrooms. The colored people used the white only bathrooms. They also participated sit ins. Riders did not retaliate as they received brutal treatments from those in support of racial segregation. Schapiro’s  photo “Summer of 1964 Freedom Bus” is addressing the public mostly where Jim Crow Laws were enforced. It brought to light the urge of racial equality, and the atrocity the freedom riders were willing to sustain and not retaliate in order help change racial segregation throughout the South.

The White Problem- Audience

Bigelow is addressing the entire nation (The United States) where racism, segregation, and discrimination against African Americans was propagated. He particularly focuses on mentioning whites and those that were, at the least, accomplices if not a part of the wrongdoings that occurred during his time. He is attempting to provoke a “fight” response in his audience as opposed to the accepting “flight” response most people had. By discussing the segregated condition within political issues like voting he targets those in political positions and power as well as civilians.

 

The White Problem- Rhetorical Situation

The overall segregated condition of the 1960’s sparked many Civil Rights Movements of the time. While some turned to violence to solve the problem, other groups like the Freedom Riders took a passive approach into combating the discrimination. Throughout their journey, the Freedom Riders suffered acts of hate directed towards them in their quest for racial equality. Bigelow describes his experience on the bus that was bombed and burned in Anniston by segregationists  and brings to attention the story of an African American who was shot for trying to vote. By giving accounts of such brutal and deadly acts committed against African Americans and Civil Rights groups like the Freedom Riders he gave a sense of urgency to his argument and invoked a sense of personal responsibility to act in readers.

"The Wheels On The Bus"

Rhetorical Situation

“The Wheels on the bus go round and round..... all through the town.” This depicts the capricious journey a group of men and women, who called themselves the Freedom Riders, embarked on in 1964 . The group was comprised of people from different backgrounds and walks of life who were passionate and motivated to take a stand in fighting for racial equality. They rode on a greyhound bus starting from the capital, Washington, D.C., ending up in Mississippi. Throughout their travels, the riders stopped in racially segregated restaurants and shops and participated in sit-ins where they would take on abuse from those against racial equality. This iconic photo taken by Steve Schapiro, Titled “The Summer of 1964 Freedom Bus,” depicts the sense of community the freedom riders had and wanted to share with the rest of America. This movement pushed racial equality to the forefront of the political agenda by drawing attention to it. By fighting for their cause in a passive aggressive way, the injustice and unfair treatment was more obvious in the violent acts people committed against them although they were exercising non-violent protests.